Leather Coral
Table of Contents
Leather coral, one of over 36 species belonging to the genus Sacrophyton, can be found in the warmer regions of the Pacific Ocean and Red Sea.
The leather coral exists in colonies, with each individual colony extending up to 3 feet in length, but appearing much larger due to the colonies close proximity to one another. Leather coral colonies live on drop-offs and along walls of coral reefs, strategically positioned in areas where ocean currents will carry food directly to their polyps and slough off the layer of waste and algae that collect on its surface over time.
In contrast to hard corals that produce skeletons, leather coral is classified as a soft coral because its bodies are non-calcareous. Instead, the shape of a leather coral is created by sclerites, microscopic pieces of skeletal calcium in the form of sharp, club-shaped spindles.
These sclerites will shape the leather coral into a form of a mushroom, featuring a thick stalk and a rounded cap called a capitulum that will fold as the coral ages. Leather coral are octocorals, distinguished by eight tentacled polyps (usually white or gold) that surround its mouth. Each tentacle is made up of pinnules, additional branches that that develop along the length of each arm. The long, feathered polyps extend from the top of the capitulum, a smooth area referred to as the polyparium. Two types of polyps emerge from this area- the main polyps, autozooids, responsible for feeding, and secondary polyps, siphonozoids, responsible for water circulation. Autozooids retract and extend based on the presence of sunlight, so the leather coral will alternate between a leathery surface when retracted and prickly and sharp when extended.
As a polytrophic coral, leather coral gets its nutrition from more than one source. One such way is through its symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae, a tiny species of algae that exist under the skin of sea creatures. Using its tentacled polyps, the leather coral captures zooplankton or phytoplankton as waves drift by the reef, extracting the desired algae from the entrapped creatures. The zooxanthellae provide nutrients and energy to the leather coral through photosynthesis, and in return receive oxygen and a safe place to live. Leather coral also captures prey such as micro plankton, which are carried into the mouth through ciliary action. Additionally, mucus secretion and ciliate absorption play a role.
Leather coral form new colonies through both sexual and asexual reproduction. During sexual reproduction, leather coral will create planulea that metamorphasize into an adult forms through mass spawning events. These events are usually triggered by a seasonal factor, when the leather coral will release millions of eggs and sperm that combine to form individual larvae and ultimately migrate to establish separate colonies. However, leather coral also reproduce asexually through fragmentation and budding. During fragmentation, a piece of leather coral is broken off due to a heavy wave or rough weather, but will resettle while continuing to grow which produces a new colony. During budding, the leather corals polyps will separate and divide into new individual polyps, a process that continues and also forms a new colony. The leather corals main defense system is through secretion of various toxic chemicals that are used in a number of ways, including during reproductive cycles, in species recognition, to deter predators, and to capture space. In addition, the extremely sharp sclerites of the leather coral are a defense of their own- if another creature attempts to feed on the leather coral, its entire mouth and digestive system will be cut into tiny pieces by the daggers.
The Fascinating World of Leather Coral
Dive into the mesmerizing depths of the ocean, and you’ll find a vibrant tapestry of life, where Leather Corals (Sarcophyton spp.) play a pivotal role. These soft corals, known for their tough, leather-like texture, are a favorite among marine enthusiasts and play a crucial role in the biodiversity of coral reefs. Unlike their stony counterparts, Leather Corals lack a hard calcium carbonate skeleton, which gives them a unique flexibility and an intriguing range of shapes and sizes. This article delves into the intriguing aspects of Leather Coral, from their distinct characteristics and care requirements to their role in the reef ecosystem and their propagation techniques.
Characteristics of Leather Coral
Morphology and Identification
Leather Corals are a fascinating group within the soft coral family, boasting a variety of forms that can range from bushy to toadstool-shaped. The scientific name for the most common type, Sarcophyton glaucum, hints at their unique structure, with ‘sarcophyton’ meaning ‘flesh plant.’ These corals are easily identified by their smooth, leathery surface and the polyps that retract when disturbed, giving them a sleek appearance. The symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae algae not only aids in their nutrition but also gives them their vibrant colors, ranging from yellows and greens to browns and purples.
Growth Patterns and Environmental Needs
Leather Corals are renowned for their robust growth under optimal conditions. They thrive in moderate lighting and water flow, which mimics their natural reef habitats. These conditions support their photosynthetic allies, the zooxanthellae, which in turn fuel the coral’s growth through the production of sugars. Leather Corals are capable of reaching substantial sizes in the wild, with some species growing over a meter in diameter. Their growth rate and health are significantly influenced by water quality, particularly levels of nitrates and phosphates, which need to be kept in check to prevent algae overgrowth on the coral’s surface.
Care and Maintenance in Reef Aquariums
Optimal Water Conditions
For hobbyists looking to add Leather Corals to their reef aquariums, maintaining water quality is paramount. These corals prefer stable conditions with salinity levels mimicking natural seawater, around 1.025 specific gravity. Temperature stability is also crucial, with ideal ranges between 75-82°F (24-28°C), which mirrors their tropical ocean habitats. Regular water testing and changes are essential practices to remove excess nutrients and keep the corals flourishing.
Feeding and Nutrition
While Leather Corals primarily rely on photosynthesis for their nutritional needs, supplemental feeding can promote growth and vitality. Targeted feeding with micronutrient-rich solutions and fine particulate foods can enhance their coloration and overall health. It’s important to balance feeding with water quality management, as overfeeding can lead to nutrient imbalances and potential algae issues in the aquarium.
Propagation and Reef Contribution
Techniques for Fragmentation
Leather Coral propagation is a rewarding aspect of coral care, allowing hobbyists to sustainably expand their coral collections. Fragmentation, or ‘fragging,’ involves carefully cutting a piece of the coral, which then heals and grows into a new colony. This practice not only supports aquaculture but also reduces the demand for wild-harvested specimens, contributing to the conservation of natural reef ecosystems.
Role in the Ecosystem
Leather Corals contribute significantly to the structural complexity and biodiversity of coral reefs. Their flexible structures provide shelter and breeding grounds for a myriad of marine species, from small invertebrates to juvenile fish. This symbiotic relationship enhances the resilience of reef ecosystems, making Leather Corals invaluable to their natural and artificial habitats.
Conclusion
Leather Corals, with their unique characteristics and ease of care, are a captivating addition to any marine aquarium or reef ecosystem. Their resilience and adaptability make them suitable for both novice and experienced aquarists. By understanding their needs and contributing to their propagation, enthusiasts can enjoy the beauty of Leather Corals while supporting the health and diversity of marine life.
FAQs on Leather Coral
- What makes Leather Corals different from other corals? Leather Corals are distinct from other corals due to their lack of a rigid calcium carbonate skeleton. Instead, they possess a flexible, leathery exterior that gives them a unique texture and appearance. This flexibility allows them to sway with the water currents, creating a dynamic environment in both natural and artificial reefs.
- How often should Leather Corals be fed in an aquarium setting? While Leather Corals primarily rely on the symbiotic relationship with zooxanthellae for nutrition, supplemental feeding can be beneficial. It’s recommended to feed them small amounts of micronutrient-rich foods once or twice a week, ensuring not to compromise water quality with excess nutrients.
- Can Leather Corals be propagated at home, and if so, how? Yes, Leather Corals can be propagated at home through a process known as fragmentation or ‘fragging.’ This involves carefully cutting a small piece of the coral, which can then be attached to a rock or plug and allowed to grow into a new colony. This method is a sustainable way to expand your coral collection and support reef conservation efforts.
- What are the common signs that a Leather Coral is not thriving? Signs that a Leather Coral may not be thriving include excessive retraction of polyps, fading colors, and a slimy or mucus-covered surface. These symptoms can indicate poor water quality, inadequate lighting, or other environmental stresses. Regular monitoring and adjustments are key to maintaining their health.
- How do Leather Corals contribute to the biodiversity of coral reefs? Leather Corals play a significant role in enhancing the biodiversity of coral reefs by providing habitat and shelter for various marine species. Their structures support a range of marine life, from invertebrates to juvenile fish, contributing to the overall health and resilience of reef ecosystems.