Water Quality
Table of Contents
Two main factors should be considered when setting up reef aquarium water: the salinity and water movement. The first step is getting the chemical balance correct to mimic natural salt water, known as NSW among reef aquarium owners.
If you are converting freshwater to saltwater using a sea salt mix, look on the label to make sure it contains the elements that are contained in salt water: chlorine, sodium, magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium, bromine, boron, strontium and silicon. On the label, make sure the sea salt mix includes these elements and no other impurities or chemicals. Experts disagree on the best brand of sea salt because what works depends on the chemical composition of the water you start with – every town and city’s water has varying chemical make-ups.
Once the reef aquarium water has been tested for salinity and it is ready, you want to next consider water movement in the tank. Reef tank experts suggest a water turnover rate of 10x: 10 x aquarium capacity in gallons = required flow in gallons per hour. However, some corals need different water flows. Some corals, like the mushroom coral, require little water movement.
On the other hand, some monitpora varieties need medium water movement in the range of 30 to 40 times more flow. This volume of movement mimics waves breaking at the surface of water – in nature, montiporas are most often found in shallow warm water in lagoon-like conditions. They also rely on photosynthesis, like all corals, so being close to the surface to attain the sunlight is important. Water flow is how corals get food to make up for what they can’t develop through photosynthesis. Further, water flow regulates water temperature so that corals don’t experience thermal shock from colder water than what they are used to in nature. Corals thrive in water that is between 72 and 78 degrees Fahrenheit.
To ensure proper movement of reef aquarium water, pumps will need to be considered. Most reef aquarists use an overflow. This system drains the water into a sump and then the water is pushed back into tank. Most tanks come equipped with the pre-drilled holes so that you can set up an overflow or pump system. Another way to create water movement is by using multiple power heads which act as small underwater water pumps. These pumps can be turned off and on with a timer to mimic different water movements over time. Propeller pumps are also popular. They can move a lot more water for larger tanks. They move water without a direct force of a power head, therefore using less energy. However, they are more expensive than the other water movement options.
A newer water movement option is the gyre tank. In this model, the tank has a divider in the middle of the aquarium which encourages a maximum amount of water movement. The divider makes an open space that leaves little room for friction against water movement. This method is also a successful way to make water movement in your reef aquarium.
Navigating the Waters of Reef Aquarium Maintenance
Diving into the world of reef aquariums can be as mesmerizing as exploring the ocean depths. These vibrant ecosystems, teeming with life, require more than just a casual glance to maintain. They demand a keen eye on water quality, which is the cornerstone of a thriving reef aquarium. Balancing the delicate chemistry of your tank is not just about keeping the water clear; it’s about understanding the intricate needs of your aquatic inhabitants.
The Chemistry Behind Crystal Clear Waters
Understanding pH and Alkalinity
Maintaining the right pH and alkalinity levels in a reef aquarium is akin to walking a tightrope. The pH level, which measures the acidity or alkalinity of the water, should ideally hover between 8.1 and 8.4. This range is crucial for the biological processes of your marine life, especially for the calcareous organisms that rely on stable pH to build their skeletons. Alkalinity, on the other hand, acts as a buffer, helping to stabilize pH levels. It’s measured in dKH (degrees of Carbonate Hardness), with an optimal range of 8-12 dKH for reef tanks. Keeping these parameters in check is essential for the health and growth of your coral and marine life.
The Role of Calcium and Magnesium
Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are the building blocks for coral skeletons and other calcareous organisms in your tank. Calcium levels should be maintained between 380-450 ppm (parts per million), while magnesium should be kept around 1250-1350 ppm. These elements work in tandem, not only supporting skeletal growth but also ensuring overall stability in the aquarium’s chemistry. Regular testing and adjustments are necessary to maintain these levels, ensuring your corals have the resources they need to thrive.
Filtration and Circulation: The Lifelines of Your Tank
Advanced Filtration Techniques
Filtration is the unsung hero of reef aquarium water quality. Beyond just removing debris, advanced filtration systems like protein skimmers, refugiums, and chemical media play a pivotal role. Protein skimmers remove organic compounds before they break down into nitrogenous waste, thereby reducing the load on your biological filtration. Refugiums, filled with macroalgae and microfauna, act as a natural filter, absorbing nitrates and phosphates. Chemical media, such as activated carbon and GFO (granular ferric oxide), further polish the water, removing toxins and clarifying the water.
Ensuring Optimal Water Movement
Circulation is not just about creating a pleasant visual effect. It’s essential for mimicking the natural ocean currents, providing oxygenation, and facilitating nutrient transport to your corals and invertebrates. Powerheads and wave makers should be strategically placed to ensure no dead spots are left in the tank, promoting a healthy and dynamic environment. This movement is vital for the feeding and respiratory processes of your tank inhabitants, making it a critical aspect of water quality management.
Nutrient Control and Maintenance
Battling Nitrates and Phosphates
Nitrates (NO3) and phosphates (PO4) are the archenemies of a clean reef tank. High levels can lead to algae outbreaks and harm sensitive corals. Implementing a routine of regular water changes, coupled with efficient filtration, can keep these nutrients at bay. Additionally, employing natural methods like utilizing macroalgae in a refugium can help absorb excess nutrients, maintaining a balanced ecosystem within your aquarium.
Regular Testing and Adjustments
The key to pristine water quality lies in vigilance and adjustment. Regular testing of key parameters, including ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, calcium, magnesium, and alkalinity, is non-negotiable. Based on these results, adjustments may be necessary, whether it’s dosing specific elements, changing the water, or tweaking your filtration system. This ongoing dance ensures your reef aquarium remains a vibrant and healthy underwater oasis.
In conclusion, the journey of maintaining reef aquarium water quality is filled with challenges but also immense rewards. Seeing your aquatic ecosystem thrive is a testament to the careful balance and attention to detail required in this hobby. By understanding and managing the complex chemistry of your tank, you create a sanctuary not just for your marine life, but also a captivating natural wonder for all who gaze upon it.
FAQs on Reef Aquarium Water Quality
1. How often should I test the water in my reef aquarium?
Testing the water in your reef aquarium should be a weekly routine to ensure parameters like pH, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium are within their ideal ranges. More frequent testing might be needed when adjusting new additions or after changes in the tank environment.
2. What causes pH swings in reef aquariums, and how can I stabilize it?
pH swings in reef aquariums can be caused by various factors, including CO2 buildup from inadequate aeration or the natural biological processes within the tank. Stabilizing pH can involve increasing surface agitation to enhance gas exchange, using a CO2 scrubber, or carefully dosing with alkalinity buffers.
3. Why is magnesium important in a reef aquarium?
Magnesium plays a crucial role in stabilizing the levels of calcium and alkalinity in the water. It helps prevent the precipitation of calcium carbonate, ensuring that calcium remains available for corals and other calcifying organisms. It also supports overall water chemistry stability.
4. Can I use tap water for my reef aquarium?
Using tap water in your reef aquarium is not recommended due to the potential presence of chlorine, chloramines, heavy metals, and other impurities. It’s best to use RO/DI (Reverse Osmosis/Deionized) water, which is free of contaminants, ensuring a safe environment for your marine life.
5. What is the best way to reduce nitrates in my reef tank?
Reducing nitrates in a reef tank can be achieved through several methods, including regular water changes, efficient protein skimming, using nitrate-absorbing media, and maintaining a refugium with macroalgae. These methods help control nitrate levels, promoting a healthier tank environment.
